In vitro and in vivo testing are routinely used to evaluate a variety of products, including medications, cosmetics, and other similar items. Experiments on living subjects, like animals or plants, are conducted in vivo. Cells, tissues, or biological components are placed on a petri dish and studied in vitro.

Before a medicine is used in an in vivo investigation, in vitro experiments are used to identify its processes. Low costs, complete control over the chemical and physical environment, and less animal use are all advantages. In vitro experimentation, on the other hand, has a significant drawback: test results are less accurate. Individual cells and an entire system work in distinct ways, although all creatures are made up of cells. As a result, there are bound to be inconsistencies between test results and observable chemical pathways.

In vivo research is used to investigate the effects of specific therapies or things on the entire body. In vivo research, like in vitro research, has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. Experiments in vivo can provide more precise and comprehensive test results.

On the other hand, it has drawbacks such as a high cost and an ethical quandary.

https://www.medicinenet.com/why_is_in_vivo_better_than_in_vitro/article.htm

It also takes longer to get results, has stricter requirements, and requires additional training. Despite their precision, these flaws make in vivo research much more difficult to conduct.

In the process of generating new goods, in vitro and in vivo trials are carried out concurrently due to their complementary nature, making the procedure inefficient. There are also intractable issues, such as the ethical quandary surrounding in vivo experimentation. In the future, bioengineering breakthroughs may make it feasible to construct technology that closely mimics the function of biological components, eliminating the need for in vivo and in vitro studies. This will be able to solve the ethical issues and inefficiency of in vivo and in vitro experimentation in the long run.

참고자료:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100200/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4803002/
https://www.medicinenet.com/why_is_in_vivo_better_than_in_vitro/article.htm

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