Quantum computing is emerging as a powerful technology that can bring humanity to the next level. However, the concept of combining quantum theory and computing technology seems a bit vague to most people; what exactly are quantum computers, and why does it matter so much?

Modern computers use bits as their calculation unit, which represent one of two states, such as 0 or 1, on or off, or true or false. These bits can be stored with transistors, a simple switch that can open or stop electron flow. In contrast, quantum computers use qubits as their calculation unit. Qubits can be represented by a photon or a spin in a magnetic field, which contains one of two values like bits. However, in the quantum world, employing the idea of superposition, these qubits can be in any proportion of both states at the same time. Unlike traditional bits, which must calculate each outcome individually, this characteristic allows the computer to calculate several outcomes at once. For example, four qubits may represent sixteen possibilities simultaneously, but four bits must represent each separately. 30 qubits may represent one billion states at the same time.

Figure 1 Google's Quantum Computing Sycamore Chip

There are numerous potential applications of a quantum computer. The most famous use is the encryption system, where current RSA encryption would take millions of years for supercomputers to break through, while quantum computers can break it in a few seconds. Another useful application is simulations. Since simulations are very intense on resources, quantum computers can simulate molecule structures and behaviors rapidly, which can revolutionize medicines through simulating protein behaviors. It is also possible to simulate climate changes and financial modeling, which needs a vast number of environmental variables and financial data to be considered. Last but not least, quantum computing can bring artificial intelligence to the next level. Driven by quantum insights, artificial intelligence will be able to learn through experiences and self-correct, just like humans. 

Quantum computers have the potential to revolutionize civilization, but we must also prepare for the threats that may arise if such power is exploited. The consequences would be severe, particularly for cybersecurity.

https://ai.googleblog.com/2019/10/quantum-supremacy-using-programmable.html

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